Physics In Flux. (Physics Blog)

Analysis of Choked Flow and the Area-Velocity Relationship In the study of fluid dynamics within jet propulsion systems, a fundamental constraint exists regarding the maximum attainable velocity in a strictly convergent nozzle. While elementary fluid mechanics suggests that decreasing the cross-sectional area of a conduit increases flow velocity, this relationship holds true only until the fluid reaches the local speed of sound—Mach 1—at the nozzle's minimum area, or "throat." Beyond this point, the nozzle is considered "choked." I. The Acoustic Interpretation: Pressure Wave Propagation To understand choking intuitively, one must consider the nature of sound as a pressure disturbance. In a gas, molecules maintain a baseline of random motion until a disturbance creates organized patterns of compression and expansion. The Speed of Sound Formula: Speed of Sound (a) = Square Root of (gamma * R * T) Gamma: The adiabatic index (approx. 1.4 for air). ...

  Landing a plane isn't just about pulling levers; it’s about understanding the physics of the machine. Here is the technical breakdown of how to manage a cockpit in an emergency. 1. Primary Controls The two main inputs you’ll deal with are the  yoke  and the  throttle . The Yoke (Pitch and Roll):  This is your primary steering. Pulling back pitches the nose up, while pushing forward pitches it down. Turning it left or right banks the wings. The Two-Finger Rule:  Precision is everything. Use only your thumb and two fingertips to grip the yoke. This prevents death-gripping, which leads to over-correction and jerky, dangerous movements. The Power Throttle (Thrust):  This controls the engine's power. Push forward for more thrust, pull back to reduce it. The Counter-Intuitive Rule:  In flight, you use the throttle to control altitude (climb/descent) and the yoke's pitch to control your airspeed. To...

Theory is developed with a very stern repetation of many many iteration. It isn't just a casual, nonchalant statement but a very studious process to understand and validate a phenomena present in Universe. In this blog, we will understand how a theory is developed also this isn't a very technical, nuanced and layered understanding of development process of theory but rather a satiable and top angled view of the process. Generally, Theory starts from observation.  Observation from senses, conventionally from five senses, though author think there are many ways of sensing; like hunger, though not from any main five senses but still: one senses hunger.  Coming back to observation, we observe a phenomena in Universe like every object fall back to earth or water disappear when heated and vapor is formed or sun rises from a specific particular direction and sets in opposite direction etc. All these are example of observation.    The next step of this process is hypoth...

The aviation industry is full of fascinating and interesting machines with unique designs, capabilities, and mechanisms. Among these Gyroplane or Autogyro holds a unique place as it bothers some features of fixed-wing planes and some features of helicopters and becomes a perfect blend for a low-speed aircraft with high fuel efficiency and better stability and control. using very interesting phenomena like auto rotation to spin its top rotor and produce lift. So in this blog, we will be discussing what is autogyro? how does an autogyro work? and the future of autogyro. What is AutoGyro or Gyroplane? A gyroplane or autogyro (from the Greek word meaning ('self turning'), is a heavier-than-air aircraft that uses a rotor usually to the rare of the fuselage called pusher configuration to produce thrust. Autogyro uses an engine to power its rare rotor, which creates the forward motion of the airplane by pushing the air backward. To produce lift it uses another rotor, which, unlike a h...

In this blog, we will discuss about the difference between the atom and the cell. Why atom is not the fundamental unit of life? and a journey of an atom to a cell. Firstly, what is the difference between an atom and a cell?  Atom is the fundamental unit of the entire matter, whereas cell is the fundamental unit of living matter. which means every cell is made up of atoms, whereas every atom is not a cell. Size of atom vs the size of cell The size of the atom ranges between 10 to the power minus 14 meters i.e. picometer (pm) to 10 to the power of minus 10 meters i.e. Armstrong. To visualize it, magnify an apple to that of the size of Earth, And now the size of the original apple is probably the size of an atom of this giant apple (from the book: six easy pieces). Whereas the size of the cell ranges between 10 to the power of minus 6 meters i.e. micrometers to 10 to the power of minus 2 meters i.e. centimeters. The overall conclusion about the size of atoms and cells is that an atom ...

In the annals of scientific history, few names shine as brightly as Michael Faraday. A man of humble beginnings, Faraday's life journey is a testament to the power of curiosity, determination, and unquenchable passion for science. His groundbreaking work in the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry revolutionized the world, earning him a place as one of the most influential experimentalists of the 19th century. Join us as we embark on a journey through the electrifying life of Michael Faraday. Early Life and Struggles Michael Faraday was born on September 22, 1791, in Newington Butts, Surrey, England. He was the third of four children born to a blacksmith and his wife. Faraday's family lived in poverty, and his early education was minimal. He left school at the age of 13 to work as an errand boy, and his prospects for a bright future seemed dim. However, his relentless thirst for knowledge would soon set him on a remarkable path. The Turning Point Faraday's life t...

Nikola Tesla was an American inventor and electrical engineer who is considered one of the greatest genius of all time, known for his contribution in the AC current electrical system , Tesla coil , wireless communication system , invention of the radio , and induction motor and had approximately 300 patents in various fields during his lifetime. Tesla has become one of the most admired and respected man by many intellectual people, Scientists, and even entrepreneurs. Elon Musk , the most popular entrepreneur of overtime, has named one of his electrical car company as ' Tesla Motors '. This shows the respect Nicola Tesla has gained over time. Tesla, though not so famous and recognized, and also a very underrated scientist during his lifetime, still had a deep imprint in the scientific community. In 1931, when Einstein was asked about the impact of Tesla's work, he reportedly said "Tesla's great and unsung scientific work has somewhere left the world and the power i...

What is a Strong Force?  Strong force is one of the four fundamental forces of the universe. Other forces are gravitational force, weak force, and electromagnetic force. Also, as the name suggests, it is the strongest of all four forces, 100 times stronger than electromagnetic force, million times stronger than weak nuclear force, and 100 trillion trillion trillion times stronger than gravity. The strong force acts at a very, very small distance only, it has a very short range. The strong force is responsible for keeping the nucleons (protons and neutrons) together inside the nucleus of an atom. Credit: Science facts The strong force is responsible for The strong force is responsible for holding proton-proton and proton-neutron together in the nucleus. The nucleus is a dense region of the atom around which the electrons form an electron cloud. Since protons are positively charged, they repel each other. But this repulsion is neutralized, and protons are held together with this stro...

Introduction and questions related to gravity. We are familiar with Newtonian gravity which describes gravity as a force that pulls together objects with mass. But a very relevant question arises which was also a concern for Newton within his gravitational concept. The concern was, 1. How can a mass exert a force on another mass instantaneously, without getting in contact with it? . Gravity is a non-zero force even in a very deep space. So, the mass of Earth is exerting a force on the mass of some planet far, far away, in some distant galaxy instantaneously and with no contact (though gravitational force will be very, very weak as gravitational force decreases squared time the distance). Another radical thing that Newton did was he said that 2. The things falling on Earth and the moon revolving around the Earth. The cause for both these scenarios is one that is gravitational force But how? There is another fundamental question which is 3.  Why does mass attract other masses? In...